Sunday, October 16, 2011

NCTE Resolution

Here is a resolution that Marol Mikoda and others are presenting the the National Council of Teachers of English that clearly opposes the movement towards national standards and tests:


From:
Carol Mikoda
To:
NCTE Members Open Forum
Posted:
10/11/2011 7:32:00 AM
Subject:
OCCUPY U.S. Department of Education

This message has been cross posted to the following Discussions: CEL: Conference on English Leadership and NCTE Members Open Forum.
-------------------------------------------
Submitted for consideration by the Committee on Resolutions, via e-mail, on October 10, 2011:

Resolution on National Standards and Tests

The movement for national standards and tests is based on these claims: (1) Our educational system is broken, as revealed by US students' scores on international tests; (2) We must improve education to improve the economy; (3) The way to improve education is to have national standards and national tests to reveal whether standards are being met.

Each of these claims is false. (1) Our schools are not broken. The problem is poverty. Test scores of students from middle-class homes who attend well-funded schools are among the best in world. Our mediocre scores are due to the fact that the US has the highest level of child poverty among all industrialized countries.  (2) Existing evidence strongly suggests that improving the economy improves the status of families and children's educational outcomes. (3) There is no evidence that national standards and national tests have improved student learning in the past.

No educator is opposed to assessments that help students to improve their learning. We are, however, opposed to excessive and inappropriate assessments. The amount of testing proposed by the US Department of Education in connection to national standards is excessive, inappropriate and fruitless.

The standards that have been proposed and the kinds of testing they entail rob students of appropriate teaching, a broad-based education, and the time to learn well. Moreover, the cost of implementing standards and electronically delivered national tests will be enormous, bleeding money from legitimate and valuable school activities. Even if the standards and tests were of high quality, they would not serve educational excellence or the American economy.

                                                            Resolution

Resolved that the National Council of Teachers of English
* oppose the adoption of national standards as a concept and specifically the standards written by the National Governors Association and Council of Chief State School Officers
* alert its members to the counter-productiveness of devoting time, energy and funds to implementing student standards and the intensive testing that would be required.

Carol Mikoda (contact)
Harpur Writing Instructor, Binghamton University
Teacher Consultant, Seven Valleys Writing Project
Susan Ohanian, 2003 recipient of NCTE's George Orwell Award
for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language
Stephen Krashen 
Joanne Yatvin, NCTE Past President
Bess Altwerger
Richard J Meyer
Professor, director of the High Desert Writing Project,
incoming president of Whole Language Umbrella


-------------------------------------------
Carol Mikoda
Windsor NY

Tuesday, September 20, 2011

Curriculum-as-Stuff Model

The Curriculum-as-Stuff Model holds the idea that children learn only through the consumption of published materials and tests. It includes teachers who teach with stuff rather than ideas and classroom organizations that meet the needs of the children. The Curriculum-as-Stuff Model is an outgrowth of mass consumerism and the testing regime, which opposes the idea that children need to encounter thinking, caring others who communicate and explore their worlds with them. Obviously we tell learners that we care about them by having clean, well-supplied classrooms and schools; artifacts are useful and interesting, but the key idea is to know where the learners need to go (goals!) and to find interesting, fascinating activities that engage them towards those goals. Only the good teacher can build this complex idea-based curriculum.

Thursday, September 15, 2011


4th Paris International Conference on Education, Economy and Society

Hotel Concorde La Fayette, Paris, France  23-28 July 2012

Here's a conference in Paris -  http://education-conferences.org/
4th Paris International Conference on Education, Economy and Society
Hotel Concorde La Fayette, Paris, France  23-28 July 2012
I'm planning to submit a paper or two to present.

Monday, June 13, 2011

Entry 12: Priorities


Let me make this short and simple (something I’m not known for because classrooms and schools are complex social organizations).

The first priority of any teacher is to get the students engaged in learning.

The second priority of any teacher is to keep the students engaged in learning.

The third priority of any teacher is to make learning and performance of the students intrinsically motivating.

The fourth priority of any teacher is to assess the classroom performance of the students and to use those assessments to build engagement, motivation, and lifelong learning.

Without these four priorities, teaching and learning do not occur. To meet these priorities every teacher needs a repertoire of strategies for getting and maintaining student attention and interest, for motivating students, and for assessing students. Without these four priorities on the minds of every teacher and administrator and parent, the schools fail. Right now, the testing regime is striving to make schools as toxic as possible in the U. S. The tests have become a punishment for all learners and teachers. There is no reward for learning or even for performing on the tests. The joy of learning has been removed from the classroom. The interconnectedness of thought and learning has been lost. There is no plan for improving the repertoires of the teachers. Learning must not be punished. Activity in classrooms must not be a punishment.

With these for priorities, students and teachers will succeed. They all need success because without success the school is a toxic environment. Change the punishments of the testing regime by focusing on real learning, engagement, motivation, classroom performances for assessment, and lifelong learning, or, more simply, the four priorities. 

Sunday, June 12, 2011

Entry 11: Phonics and Other Preliminaries in Learning to Read


The vowels are a, e, i, o, and u. WRONG! WRONG! WRONG! AN EXAMPLE OF BAD, BAD, BAD TEACHING. Okay, I'm calmer now. Sorry. 

These are letters: a, e, i, o, u. THEY ARE NOT VOWELS. They are some of the letters that are used to represent the vowels and semivowels when writing English. They are used in all sorts of combinations (oi, oy, ea, ae, oo, etc. – called digraphs), and they must be augmented with many other letters: y, w, r, l, h, and j (think of words borrowed from Spanish dialects for examples). Furthermore, letters do NOT HAVE A SOUND in English. Letters have names. Letters and letter combinations can represent sounds, but letters have a many-to-one and one-to-many relationships with English phonemes (sounds). A particular problem for children (or adults) learning to read English is that each letter or letter combination can map onto different phonemes in the oral language and this mapping depends on the word and the sentence. Can I say this in another way? It’s English and that means it must be complicated. Every rule has exceptions, and English words have all sorts of sources because it’s a living language.

Not everyone learned phonics as a child in school. The 1950s and 1960 were dominated by the "Look-Say" methods ,and most people who started school then did not have any phonics instruction (unless teachers deviated from their teachers' manuals). It worked as well or perhaps a little better than the current phonics-skills-testing-accountability maze that's dominating the schools. But that’s only one piece of the complex puzzle that are the schools.

All of the phonics rules are broken regularly! Even the one about short vowels in written CVC words fails regularly because it’s about sounds not letters. Teacher language is important, too. Mention that it isn’t always the same.  I'd be more comfortable with a teacher saying something like, "/tu(/ is one of the sounds that the letter 't' can make/represent". It sets children up for the variations if you use this construction more regularly in the early grades rather than focusing so heavily on one sound.

Learners need to recognize most words automatically. This set of words that are recognized automatically is called the individual's "sight vocabulary". Fluency depends on building a vast sight vocabulary. Only with the occasional unusual words should learners have to apply various skills to decode the word; one of these skills is application of phonics, but there are about 8 others. What are they? Strangely, most good spellers have excellent visual memory skills and are not as strong with phonemic processing, of course, having high levels of both would be an advantage. To improve spelling, 1) get used to using spell checkers, 2) let written work rest for a while before your revisit it and edit it, and 3) have someone else do a close editorial reading (all professional writers do this, often multiple times).

Most children learn to read well no matter the approach, but the flip side is that some do not (it’s about 30%). Why? Here is Speaker’s Hypothesis: there are two subgroups of the 30% of children who struggle with developing literacy: one group learns better with an alternate method, one different from the one being used by the teacher/school, while the other group has difficulty learning to read no matter the approach or the use of alternatives. No one seems to be able to answer following big question: Which students need how much phonics instruction of what kind for how long?

I prefer to build strong teacher-knowledge. Teachers need to know the graphophonemics of English and the needs of learners from direct observations. An external testing scheme that gives teachers useless data to decide what phonics children need is counterproductive (yes, that’s an attack on DIBELS), but I’ve developed expertise over years to do this, assessing hundreds of children.

Unfortunately, many phonics programs drill on things that are wrong (like not dealing with a set for diversity in learning phonics) and don’t get the students applying the phonics elements rapidly. Teacher knowledge and wisdom is much more important than adhering to a badly designed program, and the same goes for tedious exercises and workbooks in the early grades. Reductionist teachers can be outstanding and keep children excited and involved, but this has to be your teaching style and part of what you do to satisfy yourself. Realize that other approaches work equally well for most students, Constantly denigrating something that works seems counterproductive to me (that’s a dig at the phonics first and only true believers, most of them don’t know much about English graphophonemics, what they know is their pet program).

Pre-K probably should NOT do phonics. They should do phonemic awareness. For instance, during the B week work on initial consonants, alliteration, and language play related to the sound /b/, then progresses to onset and rime activities and finally some phonemic segmentation activities. Also write down many words that include the letters ‘b’ and ‘B’ so that children see dozens of words. Make lists of familiar words and add pictures (digital photographs the children take whenever possible). Have the children tell you sentences with ‘b’ words and write those sentences down emphasizing appropriate phonemic awareness skills or letter naming skills while writing the sentences (this is called language experience).

“If words are broken down than they will be easier to learn and understand”—WRONG! That isn't how children learn to talk. They have to figure out things from speech that is not broken down into smaller parts unless you count "motherese" as a simplification. Most of the analyses of  "motherese" indicate it has more complicated intonation patterns that SFAEng. Why would you expect one version of easy to work for all children? Some learners need to see the whole before they can get the parts. Most need situational contexts for learning words. For instance, no one would drive a car without having many experiences related to cars, but some children are taught parts of words when they haven't had experiences with many oral or written words. Many pre-k programs are designed to give the learners these experiences with oral and written words that high-literate families do automatically with children.

Being a language role model is important and one of the few things that have an effect, eventually, not immediately. Correction of speech DOES NOT work, wastes time, and can make the forms that are not SFAEng permanent. Good teaching is hard work! Very few short cuts have any value at all.

Good Teaching Initiative Richard Speaker Blog

GTIrbs.blogspot.com

Monday, May 23, 2011

Autobiographical Sketch

For those of you who don't know me, here's an autobiographical sketch that might fill in some gaps and help you understand where I'm coming from.


Autobiographical Sketch by Richard B. Speaker, Jr.
Some Thoughts on My Personal Literacy:
A Literacy Self-Portrait
in Four Sections


Reading

Ahh, the smell of it, the structure, the allure, the content -- whether it's B. Dalton, Blackstone, Bookstar, Waldenbooks, City Lights, The Book Store, Herget's, Kodansha, or some other, I am drawn and cannot leave without finding some book. It's a compulsion. It's expensive. It's a search, a quest. My collection continues to grow haphazardly: children's books here, literary novels there, foreign novels, popular novels, science fiction, adolescent literature, mysteries, biographies, memoirs and autobiographies, travel, art, poetry, photographs, histories, romances, erotica, comics (mostly Japanese manga), music (piano and symphonic), textbooks, language books and dictionaries (the usual: French, German, Spanish, Latin; the unusual: Japanese, Chinese, Hawaiian, Arabic, Vietnamese, Swahili; and then there are ones I still desire: any version of Mayan, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Native American languages), journals, magazines, newspapers, short story collections, cookbooks, technical manuals. There's always something for me, intriguing, demanding, providing images, tantalizing, magnetizing -- something to read, everywhere, always at hand, beside my bed, near the computer, in Ben's room, in the music room, in the living room, the dining room, the kitchen, the bathrooms, and the shed -- and, of course, in the office: shelves and shelves and stacks and boxes. A room isn't complete without books. The only limit is my budget, but credit cards can extend even that when I must have a particular book.

In almost every city, there's a bookstore for me, and a trip isn't complete without a book -- or ten: Tintin from Nice and Quebec; sumo from Kyoto; manga from Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka; children's books and Maupin from San Francisco; Ann Rice (under a variety of pseudonyms and her own name) from New Orleans; Austin from Bath; Shakespeare from Stratford-on Avon; pamphlets from Avesbury, Glastonbury and Tintagel and a hundred other sites; Durrell from The Book Store in Modesto; Anasazi from Mesa Verdi; guidebooks from Beijing and Hong Kong; museum stores in the Smithsonian; a library of 263 titles on CD to read on the computer; Genjimonogatari and dictionaries from Matsue; used books from Fort Walton Beach; the e-libraries of the Internet; tourist shops in Athens, Nafplio, Delphi, Vergin, Thessaloniki, and the Temple of Poseidon in Suonion; and Lonely Planet Guides from wherever I find them about places I would visit. I seek them out -- those bookstores and music stores, big and little. I need something to read!

Writing

I look over my portfolios and notebooks, hardcopy and electronic: ideas -- fragments, lists, flashes; incomplete works -- waiting for further thoughts, reworking, reconceptualization, resensing; complete works -- resting stories to be revisited, rethought, pondered, shared some day, maybe to be moved back into the previous category; published artifacts -- gone from my control, shared long ago, research and essays, public, frozen in their formal forms. What's there? Professional writing, short stories, science fiction, children's stories, part of an adolescent novel, essays, poetry, a mystery (incomplete), persuasive pieces, letters, erotica, recipes, a five-act play which needs a few more scenes, some piano music (a suite, two sonatas, a waltz, miscellaneous pieces) and then cutting, and fragments, fragments, fragments. Many of these are abortions which should never be reconsidered; others are there for future development, when the moment strikes. I must work to write every day, just as I work in playing the piano every day.

The twists and turns of writing extended forms is where I must concentrating my efforts now. I've edited two journals for the Japan Studies Association on incorporating Japan Studies into the college curriculum, worked on a book about Social Studies Fair projects and tried to finish a draft of a book on teaching middle school writing. Now, I'm working on a book for teaching literacy and technology. My thoughts about the writing process are evolving rapidly so the middle school writing book keeps changing form and structure.

My most active teaching of writing is at the doctoral level. I advise approximately thirteen doctoral students every semester and am on the committees of many more. Since my doctoral students develop a portfolio of professional papers and activities as the written portion of their general examination, and then dissertation proposals and dissertations, I am constantly reading and responding to sophisticated writing in writing. The final major form of professional writing is curriculum design. Since I have been graduate studies coordinator of Curriculum and Instruction, I was responsible for drafting and editing graduate policies for faculty consideration. Actually I had a faculty committee which developed all proposed policies, but in practice, as with most committees, one person must draft policy statement for reaction and revision by the committee and then the faculty at large. We recently revised our master's comprehensive examination policy and aspects of the doctoral program so that these programs are more efficient and allow students a wider range of graduate experiences. In Fall, 2003, I stepped out of the position as Graduate Studies Coordinator.

Interlude

A LURKER AT THE THRESHOLD

I am observation
Skilled and cunning watcher
Somber and fell am I
Proud of the way I am --
A chill, fogged mirror
Lurking in the background
Thirsting, hungering, watching
Waiting and seeing,
For I am invisible.
Silver-tongued and slippery
Hiding thoughts with words,
Making truths of falsehoods
By devious inflections
While telling yet the truth --
Beneath me hiding
Twisting convolutions
Weighted absurdities.
I will play the fool while
Glaring beams penetrate
Structures, societies
Slicing and dissecting:
Youth, age, lust, virtue
Compartmentalizing:
Words, intentions, actions
Acting selectively:
Stimulus and response
Believing and/or not
Saneness and psychosis
Trying, Laughing, JUDGING.

(I am the ravening
driven by cool white light of
dust from starry heaven
touching tenuous links
banding together the wildly darting forces
crudely frown of coldness
feigning natural warmth.)

How is it that I be:
I am what you will to see
For none, but that, you can.
What I see - I am.

Seeking Self

With postmodernism, the me-generation (to which I belong) has adopted multiple personality disorder as its major metaphor, moving from a positivist paradigm, laced with Cartesian dualities, through structuralism with its rigid crystallized essences, bounded by Capitalism, Fascism, Communism, Fanaticism and Terrorism, to an understanding of the multiplicity of voices interpreting any event, literary or otherwise. Although many yearn for simplicity of some past utopian dream, complexity has bloomed as a centerpiece of postmodern learned societies, and autobiography becomes an essential aspect of research because the pain of uncovering self and biases is integral to understanding and interpreting the lenses through which the researcher interprets data and the world. Here I pause amongst the collections that are myself and build this autobiographical sketch. Fragmentation and hate have developed their followers just as anarchy was a theme at the turn of the century. Some write apologies for their privileged lives while others revel in conspicuous consumption, but more and more we are driven, harried slaves of our social stances in a populated world which is not safe, and at times borders on chaos. I sense four major themes influencing my life and professional development: the intellectual/social life of a literate family, mathematics, the piano and its classical traditions, and travelwith a need to develop an understanding of globalism and other societies, ancient and modern.

So let me reflect on my life for a time, as a male, first-born son of a well educated, upper middle class, highly literate European-American family, of long-lived stock. This set of descriptors provides me with privileges and has imbued me with compulsions. Literacy is certainly one of them: I must read, I must write, I must learn, I must travel. But there are others. My maternal grandfather, Charles Benjamin Gass, had a doctorate in pharmacy from George Washington University. His heritage was Catholic, oyster and tobacco farmers on the Eastern Shore of Maryland who traced their roots back to the early English settlers of Maryland who came over on the Ark and the Dove. He ran successful pharmacies in Washington, DC, until just before his death at eighty-six from a major stroke.

My maternal grandmother, Rose Marie Grace Dashbaugh Clinton Gass, had a normal school education and taught a few years in a one-room school house before marriage. Her family was Irish-English Catholic, despite an attempt to hide the Irish side by constantly talking up the Clinton line which included a General (maybe) George Clinton who fought for the British against the colonies during the Revolutionary War. These myths were promulgated along with many others as part of my mother's family, but not by my mother. It's fascinating to me that such folktales should be important in my grandparent's generation. She died in her mid-nineties of pneumonia.

My maternal grandparent's house in Washington was the nexus of my childhood. The periods of my life are place-marked with individual incidents and with recursion and times that seem to be almost recursion -- perhaps it's a form of deja vu, perhaps not. My father was in the Navy, so we moved, but my mother's parents stayed at 3717 Livingston St., not far from Connecticut Avenue and Chevy Chase Circle. Some of those places recur in dreams where the flash of recognition comes at awakening or the lack of recognition haunts me throughout that period when I'm not yet awake, but no longer asleep -- sometimes it lasts longer than that, but my grandparent's house is a setting for many of those memories, the half dream, the images. There are strange transpositions, importations, revisualizations, vivid waking dreams that slip through the senses until their tantalizing fragments evaporate like wisps of fog rising from the embankment of ivy that lined the twelve, grey, gritty concrete steps to my grandparent's home. Sometimes the image shakes with the force of a dimly remembered typhoon from my infancy in Japan; sometimes the strong, sickeningly strong, honey-perfume smell of dying roses, peoneys and lilies in a moldy white wicker basket on that landing two-thirds of the way up buzzes with yellow-jackets about to sting the three-year-old child and real tears well with the memory. Sometimes the preparations for Christmas send chills even in the tenebrous mornings of July.

My grandparents decorated for Christmas. The six blue spruces in front of the porch wore blue lights. The fir in the front corner of the lawn had to have multi-colored lights which twinkled while lighting the 12 icy cement stairs from the street. The white hanging globe of the porch light was replaced with a three-dimensional, beveled star of clear leaded glass; my grandmother was ecstatic when a flame-shaped bulb replaced the round one some year and became the regulation shape even though it didn't produce very much light. The wicker furniture of the porch had long since been stored in the basement, but other shapes took its place: electric candle sticks which played carols, over and over and over and over; small trees or just frames with sprays of tiny white lights; and, around the corner, a view of another lighted fir, its red and green lights blinking in unison -- made the porch a wonderland for the three-year-old child, or anyone who could achieve that frame of mind (with or without the aid of the stimulating beverages which my grandfather kept in the house).

The door of my memory glides silently open to: dry heat as we tear off layers; pine scents, wood oils and dust; Persian carpets; the red, tufted Victorian sofa and heavy chairs that were easy to hide in or dainty ones with velvet and lace which seemed too fragile; the decrepit grand piano with its massive black legs, the varnish crackled, no two notes sounding in harmony, some keys producing harsh disharmonies of their own; crystal bowls filled with collected glass ornaments; and everywhere candles and greenery, even in the fireplace which never held a fire. We light all the candles after dinner; the new scent -- hot wax burning and melting in white, yellow and amber droplets to puddle on the bobishes or overflow and puddle on the floor -- leads to a game of watching the flames until you can't any more and collecting droplets into balls which later grew into new candles.

My paternal grandmother, Clare Auerbach Speaker, was a teacher most of her adult life with a master's degree from Columbia Teachers College. She taught in inner city Washington, DC, until the early seventies, starting with Latin and English, then adding reading as students needed different types of instruction. Her background was Austrian and Lithuanian, with grandparents immigrating through Ellis Island probably in the 1870's. She died in her mid-seventies of cancer.

My paternal grandfather, Charles Richard Speaker, was an unsuccessful businessman with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. His parents arrived from Romania or possibly Russian Lithuania around 1870. He died of heart failure in his mid-nineties. My paternal grandparents spoke German conversantly from their childhood, but never tried to have their children or grandchildren learn the language (I only learned this when we had German visitors in the early 70's). This linguistic heritage was not considered appropriate in the period starting with the 1930's.

My father's parents had various homes during my childhood, but their beach house in Bay Ridge, MD, is another deep memory, less haunting than my other grandparent's home, less hectic, more free, more open. The summer heat along the Chesapeake Bay, not far from Annapolis, was more bearable near the water where an occasional breeze chased the mosquitos from the yard and the outdoor showers. We climbed the apple trees in the back of the property, had hidden forts in the pines, cruised the bay on a motorboat borrowed from the Naval Academy, slept on sofas with fans blowing to keep the sweat evaporating, tinkered with the water pump, and dug up the leach lines for the septic tank in different summers, but every summer, my grandfather would be on the roof with tar and paper, trying, always unsuccessfully, to stop the leaks in the roof. Thundershowers with their cooling winds and downpours would have us manning bucket, bowl and mop duty, watching always for a new drip from some ceiling spot or a wind-driven spout from a window. This two-bedroom "Spanish" cottage in my memory is of mottled blue, mauve and yellow stucco with windows and doors framed in blue and massive hydrangeas. It was here I read Petronius and Aristophanes, and, since the grand piano in the living room was playable, spent much of my adolescent summers practicing.

My parents live in San Diego, California. My mother, Jane Gass Speaker, has her master's degree from Purdue University in Pharmacy and taught pharmacy at George Washington University until my birth in 1951. She married my father in a Catholic ceremony in 1950 when my father was a lieutenant in the U. S. Navy. She raised four children who all have college degree (plus 3 master's degrees and one doctorate -- me). My father, Richard Benjamin Speaker, now retired, has his M.D. from George Washington, is a Fellow of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and a retired captain of the U. S. Naval Medical Corps.

Books were everywhere in my family's life. Newspapers and magazines were necessary for a functional household. Significantly, I entered school during the heyday of Scott Foresman's series featuring Dick, Jane, Sally, Spot and Puff; as a child of Dick Speaker and Jane Gass, I was reading the most culturally appropriate material which could have been developed. Of course, we eventually had a dalmatian, although we called him Rip instead of Spot.

Since my father was in the Navy, we travelled. I lived in Washington, DC; Yokohama and Hayama, Japan; Bethesda and Bainbridge, Maryland; Charleston, South Carolina; China Lake, California; Norfolk, Virginia; Beaulieu, France; Potomac, Maryland; Camp Peneleton (high school graduation), San Diego (college at UCSD) and Costa Mesa (master's at UC, Irvine), California; Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, Ceres (marriage) and Berkeley (doctorate), California; and New Orleans, Louisiana, in that order. Sometimes I attended several schools in one location -- fourteen schools in thirteen years, but I certainly achieved tastes for variety, travel and change. I have now lived in New Orleans longer than I have lived anywhere else in my life, but I continue to travel whenever possible: one month in England in 1990, three weeks in China in 1992, ten days in the Yucatan in 1993, a month in Japan in 1994 and again in 1995, six weeks in Vietnam and China in 1997, ten days in Kiev, Ukraine, in 2003, a week in Vancouver, Canada, in 2003, two weeks in Greece in 2000, six weeks in Greece, Paris, Dublin, Greece (again) and Istabul in 2001, and six weeks in Cyprus, Italy and Greece in 2003 and the entire summer of 2010. I offer this chronicle to explain some of my compulsiveness about literacy, collecting, technology and other aspects of my life, although from time to time my goals have shifted dramatically.

I have experienced one major unfortunate literacy experience. My junior English teacher killed American literature for me, and I have not overcome this problem, perhaps it's time. I'll see. The language of his classroom seemed to strive for deconstructing text into minute experiences, rending it into fragments of nothingness, eviscerating the experience of language and plot into impersonal icons to be discussed coldly, abstractly, removed for life's experiences and interpreted authoritatively. More than that I do not remember, except listening to Leonard Bernstein forwards and then backwards after he had left the room. Patterns and connections have lead me to mathematics and music all my life -- patterns of numbers, patterns of words, patterns of sounds, patterns of behaviors, patterns of society. The swirling patterns of chaos connect by drops of my experiences to make a reality which I accept. Mozart, Chopin, Liszt and Scriabin are partners in the interpretive process in a pianistic school which goes directly back to Beethoven who was my last piano teacher's teacher's teacher's teacher's teacher's teacher. Variation and number theory provide potent metaphors for writing and the essay because of the complexity hidden within an apparent simplicity. Thus, my view of writing, reading and literacy teaching in general fits this interpretation. When writers write, they interpret, orchestrate sweeping sensory languaging processes which are complex transacting intellectual mental entities, play with language, guide their thinking with their hands, ears, tongue and eyes. They make selections, choose tasks and topics, follow thoughts and patterns, audiences, goals, and use various aspects of their language knowledge from pragmatics to graphophonemics. They manipulate oral and written language and the interactions of language with other sensory processes. They use all their intelligences to make an artifact -- a cultural and personal artifact.

And then there's technology. I am a technologist. I believe that one of the essential human traits is to use of whatever technology is available and to seek out new technologies to solve problems. The computer with its increasing multimedia proclivities and connection to the World-Wide-Web has become essential to my daily activities; communicating, reading, writing, editing, listening, speaking, visually representing, sensing, thinking, and teaching all involve computer technologies. Web pages and the communications cloud (e-mail, BlackBoard, Second Life, Facebook, Twitter, Skype, Wikis, Questia, Wimba, Adobe Connect, Eluminate, Webinars) are a natural part of my current curriculum planning, and I use on-line platforms to help organize my activities and for planning travel to conferences in Kiev and Cyprus in 2003, South Africa in 2004, Venice and Budapest in 2006, Vienna in 2008, Honolulu in 2009, and Greece and Ireland in 2010. I've begun posting my photographs and working on captions and map locations at: http://picasaweb.google.com/richardspeaker/. I’m directing a master’s program that include insternational experiences every summer.

My major goals in teaching are to communicate this complex range of behaviors which can be used effectively in the classroom and to stomp out the idea that there are unstructured classrooms. Classrooms are social structures, and managing their complexity is one of the things that teachers do; recognizing the nature of such interacting factors of tradition, beliefs, climate, technology, institutionality and the interplay of personalities requires an envisionment of classrooms as postmodern language settings which both learners and teachers interpret. So you have read about my collections, physical, virtual and mental, perhaps it's time to examine your own! Sometimes I think of this as my excuse for being who I am. What’s yours?!!!

Good Teaching Initiative Richard Speaker Blog

GTIrbs.blogspot.com

Saturday, May 7, 2011

Swan Song Revised for A Graduate Course in Elementary Curriculum, Spring, 2011

These are my concluding remarks for a particular course.


I always debate what to call this final commentary: summary, parting shots, conclusions… I’ve chosen Swan Song as my metaphor because of its musical connotations: Chopin’s  D-flat major nocturne and Les Sylphides; Saint-Seäns’ The Swan, and Tchaikovsky’s monstrous parody-able Swan Lake – of course, there I’m not sure whether I’m the prince, Odette, Odile. Or even the evil enchanter Von Rothbart who usually hides behind the scenes. Unintended consequences abound with each act or stance in curriculum theory. I’m working towards and unfolding of the theoretical origami that is the design of this course.

Beware of those with a little power for they will cause you no end of delays and petty griefs as they try to impose their personas upon you. Fear those with major power for they will do harm to you and all those about you, often in the guise of doing good – but it’s usually the good as defined from their particular point of view which is always self-serving and usually bullying and often using uniformity to hide complexity. Very few people have learned the message of Laozi (Lao Tzu), Buddha, Jesus, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr. about peace and following the middle way, about collaborating and committing, and about kindness, caring, and love. 

As curriculum workers with the elementary school curriculum, we collaborate to build complex structures that provide experiences and activities for learners based on our knowledge of learning and socio-political expectations. These structures are autobiographical and collaborative when enacted in the classroom, despite attempts at control that have been built outside the classroom. One key to curriculum is entrancing the children to collude in the construction of that curriculum in which they are learning.

Change is the great need. Change is subjective and contextual. Notice that I do not say it is good! It disrupts the status quo and forces us to think. Sometimes it leads to negative consequences, which force further change in quest of situational amelioration.  Sometimes it leads to positive consequences, which policy wonks often attribute wrongly to their “inspired” interventions and mandates. All learning requires change, or we enter the surreal world of insanity. [An aside for the religious republican right: We have lived in a democratic socialist republic since Theodore Roosevelt  (a republican from New York) was president, so get over it, and stop the name calling.]

The pragmatist imposes a harsh reality by claiming that what is good is what works. This is too simplistic and circular for me because my autobiographical judgment suggest that declaring success often has unintended consequences in both the short and long term. So you should see that I am not a disciple of John Dewey as a pragmatist.

You might consider me a radical progressivist following Dewey along that line into functionalism and instrumentalism.  I do not belong there either. To be a progressive I would have to see change as good and the results of human technology as producing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. I have traveled the world and lived in New Orleans too long, dealing with many layers of unintended consequences of change to accept it blindly as good. Do not confuse my advocacy of technology with a belief that technology is good; the use of technology can be for good or for evil, and we cannot legislate good use of technology without accepting its dangers. The tool can be used to feed the poor or to murder them; it depends on who uses it and how. We live in a society compelled to replicate a culture of violence because we live in a culture of violence rather than one of caring (see Nell Noddings from more on caring). Our metaphors are rife with violence: the War on Poverty, the War on Drugs, the War on Illiteracy, the War on Terrorism… We bully and have come to expect the Mandate of Heaven as a birthright while bullying every culture and country on the globe, but I make no claim to pacifism as the sole way in life for a moral code forces change and that makes actions unpredictable especially against an imperial mandate curriculum (see Said on Orientalism).

So where do I draw my passion for learning, teaching and knowing? How is that related to this course? The sources are multiple: post-modernism (Foucault), ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner), instrumentalism and linguistic theory (Chomsky, Sapir, Whorf, Levi-Strauss), multiple intelligences (Gardner), moral/ethical development (Kohlberg, Gillian, Turiel), hedonism (Epicurus, Lakatos), life-long learning (Erikson, Knowles), constructivism (Glassersfeld), social constructivism (Vygotsky and his followers), and curriculum theory (Pinar). We always have more to learn, more to think, more to talk about. But as curriculum workers the source of greatest change is ourselves talking about how our communities can work together to build a world more to our liking while doing as little harm as possible – and that is a major basis for the structure of this course. Thus, we choose various values for inculcation and demonstration, and not others; Benjamin Franklin’s list of virtues is instructive:
1. TEMPERANCE. Eat not to Dulness. Drink not to Elevation.
2. SILENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or your self. Avoid trifling Conversation.
3. ORDER. Let all your Things have their Places. Let each part of your Business have its Time.
4. RESOLUTION. Resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve.
5. FRUGALITY. Make no Expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. Waste nothing.
6. INDUSTRY. Lose no Time. Be always employ'd in something useful. Cut off all unnecessary actions.
7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful Deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
8. JUSTICE. Wrong none, by doing Injuries or omitting the Benefits that are your Duty.
9. MODERATION. Avoid Extremes. Forbear resenting Injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no Uncleanliness in Body, Clothes, or Habitation.
11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at Trifles, or at Accidents common or unavoidable.
12. CHASTITY. Rarely use Venery but for Health or Offspring; Never to Dulness, Weakness, or the Injury of your own or another's Peace or Reputation.
13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates. [Autobiography, Part II, pp. 67-68].
I’m not quite there yet, but he still has more to say than most of our current politicians with their weak-kneed support for education while misunderstanding most of what good teachers do.

I have, through the years of reading, thinking, observing, and participating in education, become a heterodox post-postmodern. I see layered interpretations and unintended consequences in many settings while rejecting many using my ethical/moral system. This is subjective and autobiographical, but intellectual, as I believe all decision-making MUST BE.

The lived autobiographical experiences of those engaged in the classroom, or whatever the learning environment, are the curriculum. It is not materials or a program or a mandate from on high. In our post-post-modern, value-laden society, the teacher and students in a classroom are engaged in the primary curriculum work and that is where the control belongs. They belong to an ethic of service and caring that rejects the current ethic of “I’m gonna get everything I can get in any way that I can unless someone catches me”. The rejection of this ethic that has built wealth and power for the plutocrats of our country needs to be touted as an evil that we must eradicate, but that is certainly my bias.

The change we must build is what I have modeled in this classroom: thinking teachers taking control of their learning within a context of schooling constructed within urban environments. Good teachers know what they are doing. They know children and the social contexts of their children, the communities wherein the children live. They observe data and use theories to organize their practices. They engage children and examine behaviors and performances. They guide the paths of inquiry for their students, structuring a way towards change that entices learners into active collusion. No matter what they know or expect, the curriculum theorist-teacher is learning more, changing, trying new things, seeking new experiences for self and learners so that children develop processes for negotiating their own way to active citizenship in the world. The test isn’t the answer; living well with self and others in community is!

This semester you have been forging your own way as a group, a team, through various ideas and practices related to elementary curriculum. This is what professional development entails. It is a commitment to learning and intellectual pursuits, that include data, theory, and argumentation, with a goal of changing your practices to make them work as valuable activities for the learners in your classrooms and future classrooms.

Here endeth the rant! Thanks for a good semester!

--RBS
 


Entry 10: Technology


All students, teachers and administrators should be able to use cell phones and various other computing devices at all times during the day. In this day and age, we need to get over restricting use. Provide constant access to the web and teach more about appropriate use, time management, and critical thinking about the sources that are available. All policies limiting technological use and filtering content should be eliminated, and classroom teachers and schools should have policies on appropriate use. We need to get over a culture of fear and get on with teaching and learning.

Teachers need to stop fearing technology and get involved in the constant flow of information that is making text books obsolete and replacing them with multimedia access to text and information in many formats. Some will object to this because children will have access to pornography – WAKE UP! CHILDREN HAVE ACCESS AND ARE ABLE TO GET AROUND YOUR FILTERS WHENEVER THEY WANT TO! THEY HAVE ACCESS TO PORNOGRAPHY! What they need is teachers who are tech savvy and make the effort to remove communication barriers. They need teachers who are following newsfeeds and understand the world of new literacies and the immediacy of information.

My prescription: All teachers should be on FaceBook, in Twitter, have webpages and blogs somewhere that link to the school, and use the Computing Cloud with their students: all the Google products, all the Microsoft products, virtual words, texting systems, videoconferencing systems (like Skype, Adobe Connect, Wimba and Oovoo), online platforms (like Blackboard, MOODLE, and YouTube), video-on-demand, e-texts (Project Gutenberg, Questia, etc.), and, of course, the archaic communication system, e-mail. Get over your fear and start using daily communication with parents, students, and children. Every classroom should have multiple smart walls with computerized graphic displays that can turn the classroom into the Roman forum of 2000 years ago or of today, the Egyptian Museum, a lecture from Zahi Hawass, the Tomb of Thutmose I, and the demonstrations for freedom as they were happening in Cairo, or Williamsburg in 1775. Teachers should be able to walk their children along a Virtual Great Wall of China or through Amazonian rain forests when they are studying that! There is no excuse for text-only classrooms any more. To my knowledge, children have been doing multimedia composition since 1999, and it motivates their learning to write because the only way to have good multimedia is to have a good plan or story line that is well written, and children learn this quickly.

Issues with television abound, but that does not allow it to be ignored as an educational medium. What are the really good things on TV these days? What are the programs that build knowledge and experience related to schooling and academic study? Think about some of these channels: PBS (various local and cable/satellite stations), National Geographic, Travel, History, Military, CNN, and others with content that should make children and adults think! Even HBO and BBCA have series like the Tudors that present dramatic versions of historical and literary work. Children’s television is certainly richer than before with various channels.  However, in every case, the parents should be involved in selecting and discussion what children watch. LOGO, HBO, STARS, SHOW, MTV, even BBCA, and others provide adult entertainment and need careful monitoring and discussion with children, and they MUST watch at home with parents and use discussion guides for learning and inquiry. All channels purvey their biases and target specific audiences. All news programs are subjective and biased despite any claims otherwise. Discussing and identifying the biases presented is a key to developing thinking.

Cell phones in the classroom will become more and more necessary until all desks and tables become smart interactive surfaces.  Students can take notes, videos, and pictures with their cell phones. Mine has an app that records voice or transfers it to text. They can send notes and pictures to parents or students who are absent (i.e., sick), or they can talk someone absent through a problem. They can record brief important discussions or examples. There are programs that let them respond to questions you pose and produce graphs of the data in real time as the students text their choices. In an emergency, they have a possible functional communication link. They can document inappropriate behavior for future reference (I know some teachers who already do this). There are probably many other uses that I haven't though about.

I have used laptops with children in schools since 1999. I had children with laptops communicating with a graduate assistant and me when we were in Greece in 2000. Many schools have carts of laptops that teachers can roll into their classrooms so that every child can work on a laptop. I first saw this in 2001, so this sort of technology has been available for at least ten years.

Nostalgia for the book! Get over it! I want access to everything that has ever been printed online. The newer computer monitors have much better resolution and the size of font can be adjusted to meet the reader's needs. They also allow you to turn pages (okay, maybe it's just on the iPad and iPhone so far as I know), highlight, bookmark, stick comments on a page, and flip through. In addition I can search for what I want electronically and instantly. I don't recommend taking books or computer into a pool or a tub unless you're very careful. Concentrating for hours on something can give you a headache, but it isn't the computer that's doing it -- it's your head, and you need to go do something else. Focusing that long on a book will do the same thing. Take an aspirin or an acetaminophen! Do something else for a while. Electronic book readers and simple laptops are just above the $100 mark now. Text books are running $50 -$250 each, even for school textbooks, while the electronic forms are usually free or much cheaper. I think the issue is that the cost of using digital text is much less than hardcopy so many states are adopting e-text for their schools.

Further reading:
Grubaugh, S., Levitt, G., Speaker, R., & Rector, P. (2010). Supporting, Motivating and Engaging all Learner in Online Learning, Literacy and Critical Thinking in Virtual School Content Area Courses. Paper published in the Proceedings of NSSA Conference. 
Darby, D., & Speaker, R. (2009, October). Under-prepared African American College Students’ Perceptions of the Impact of Technology in a Developmental Reading Course. (Proceedings/Virtual Paper), Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of e-Learning Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, Vancouver, Canada. 
Speaker, R., Johnson, M., & Graveline, L. (2009). Toward Understanding Student and Faculty Perceptions of Teaching, Learning and Disaster Resilience in Second Life. In C. Fulford and G. Siemens (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2009: World conference on educational multimedia, hypermedia and telecommunications (pp. 585-590) Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.  (CD version; Abstract volume: p. 101 (http://www.aace.org/conf/edmedia/sessions/index.cfm/fuseaction/PaperDetails?CFID=10556463&CFTOKEN=72042024&presentation_id=38776); On-line Version: http:// (to appear online in 2009). On-line Powerpoint: http://go.editlib.org/ (to appear online in 2009).
Speaker, R., Johnson, M., Scaramella, L.,  & Robert Cashner (2008). Technology Failures and Successes with Hurricane Katrina: Voices from the University of New Orleans Tell Stories of the Disaster and Rebuilding. In Luca and Weippi (eds), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2008: World conference on educational multimedia, hypermedia and telecommunications (pp.857- 862) Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.  (CD version; On-line Version: http://go.editlib.org/?fuseaction=Reader.ViewFullText&paper_id=28491; On-line Powerpoint: http://go.editlib.org/?fuseaction=Reader.ViewPresentation&paper_id=28491&paperfile_id=4795).
Speaker, R., Johnson, M., Scaramella, L.,  & Robert Cashner (2008), Technology Failures and Successes with Hurricane Katrina: Voices from the University of New Orleans Tell Stories of the Disaster and Rebuilding. In Luca and Weippi (eds), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2008: World conference on educational multimedia, hypermedia and telecommunications (p.132) Chesapeake, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.  (Abstract, hardcopy: Electronic Abstract: http://www.editlib.org/?fuseaction=Reader.SearchResults&q=Richard+Speaker&publication_type=&search_query=%3CAND%3E(Richard%2CSpeaker)&).
Speaker, R. B., Jr., (2007). Technologies for teaching science and mathematics in the K-12 schools: Review, observations and directions for practice in the southern United States (pp. 123-128). In J. J. Hirschbuhl & J. Kelley (Eds.). Computers in Education (12th Ed..). Dubuque, IA; McGrawHill.
Speaker, R. B., Jr., Laskowitz, R., Thompson, C., Speaker, P., Chauvin, B., Darby, D., & Willis, E.  (2005). Collections, critical selections and the teaching repertoire: Examples from autobiographical memoits and multimedia teaching units. In R. E. Griffin, S. B. Chandler, & B. D. Cowden (Eds.). Visual Literacy and development: An African experience.(pp. 187-196). International Visual Literacy Association: Loretto, PA.  [refereed proceedings]
Speaker, R. B., Jr. (2003). Technologies for teaching science and mathematics in the K-12 schools: Reviews, observations and directions for practice in the southern United States (pp. 1055-1064). In C. P. Canstantinou, & Z. C. Zacharai (Eds.) Computer Based Learning in Sciences: Conference Proceedings 2003 Volume 1 New Technologies and their Applications in Education. University of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus. [refereed proceedings]
Germain-McCarthy, Y., Haggerty, D., Buxton, C., Speaker, R. B., Jr. (2003). Crafting the technological solutions in high school science and mathematics teaching and learning: Matthew effects and the digital divide (pp. 1041-1048). In C. P. Canstantinou, & Z. C. Zacharai (Eds.) Computer Based Learning in Sciences: Conference Proceedings 2003 Volume 1 New Technologies and their Applications in Education. University of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus. [refereed proceedings]
Kieff, J., & Speaker, R. B., Jr. (2003). Teaching sciences and mathematics concepts in the early grades: K-3 teachers engaging developmentally appropriate practice which incorporated technologies (pp. 1049-1054). In C. P. Canstantinou, & Z. C. Zacharai (Eds.) Computer Based Learning in Sciences: Conference Proceedings 2003 Volume 1 New Technologies and their Applications in Education. University of Cyprus: Nicosia, Cyprus. [refereed proceedings]
Dermody, M., & Speaker, R. B., Jr. (2003). Multimedia Literacy in the Urban Classroom and the Reading Methods Course.  Journal of Reading Education , 28(1), 24-31. (Refereed journal).


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Saturday, April 23, 2011

Entry Nine: Classroom Organizations


Generally there are two bad classroom organizations: chaos and lecture. They are bad because student learning does not regularly occur. True chaos is rare because social groups start organizing themselves into hierarchies, pecking orders, and social networks around various commonalities (for instance, language, class, popularity, skin-color, religion). Lecture is much more common, and minimally effective except in transmission-based models of instruction and for high performing students who already have learned how to learn. I abominate transmission-based models of instruction, but I see a small place for brief lectures; they allow the teacher to tell his or her autobiographical experiences with the content and to provide stories that motivate student learning. Learners should be engaged in the content and process learning through means other that lecture, except for that small minority of learners who are completely auditory.

The good teacher envisions the organization of the classroom into participatory groups and learning activities, acting as guide to both functional classroom structure and learning. Lecture is kept to brief motivating transmissions while student engagement in learning activities is maximized through hands-on manipulation and minds-on engagement with physical materials, mental processes, inquiry, and multimedia. Students are taught in interactive sessions that last for a few moments (measured in seconds) to longer blocks of time. In these longer blocks of time, students respond in various ways, almost continuously involved; they answer teacher questions chorally or individually, write notes (teacher directed in early grades, but increasingly self-directed from second grade), read, write, ask questions, discuss ideas, demonstrate processes with teacher guidance, use computers, listen to recordings, watch video, and compose multimedia projects. In formal lectures that may be appropriate in high school, the student responses are individually engaged with note-taking and written questions as the learner works mentally with the information and processes being described; sometimes this process is called ‘active listening’ and exemplifies the constructivist learner who is building mental and linguistic knowledge at all times.

Differentiation is a buzz-word currently. It means that the good teacher changes instruction, strategies, activities, technologies, and materials to meet learner needs. Differentiated instruction is the tool that breaks apart the ‘one size fits all’ mentality. Learners need a variety of approaches to developing skill, competence, and mastery of knowledge and processes; good teachers have a repertoire of such approaches rather than relying on one. The teacher’s repertoire needs strategies for gaining learner attention and building learner practices that internalize what the learner needs to perform in various situations with the knowledge, skill or process that must be demonstrated. Differentiation means, to me, that the teacher is engaged in providing experiences for the learner that are in the Vygotskian zone of proximal development (ZPD). For example, a ten-year-old child reading four-grade levels below expectations cannot read the same text as the child performing at grade-level expectations. What can the teacher do? Here’s a list:
1.     provide more of the same instruction (related to background knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension skills, decoding skills),
2.     provide different instruction(related to the learner’s instruction differences but building background knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension skills, decoding skills),
3.     teach the child alternate coping strategies for dealing with difficult texts and monitoring understanding and learning (again related to background knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension skills, decoding skills),  
4.     read the text to the child,
5.     have someone else read the text to the child,
6.     have technology read the text to the child (test to speech and Kurzweil devices),
7.     change to alternate (easier) materials that the child can read but cover the same topic,
8.     change the topic of the instruction to engage the child more effectively but reaching towards the general goal of the curriculum.
All of these require an extremely skilled teacher with a wide repertoire of teaching and a deep understanding of the curriculum. Meeting the needs of a learner having difficult academically or socially is impeded by current rigid structures of the school, including age-grade placement fetishes and testing mania. Classes and groupings need to become more flexible. Specialist teachers need to move independently through classrooms and schools, providing support to teachers and children. Teachers and specialist need time to confer and plan together to meet needs of learners having difficulty; rarely does repeating the same instruction work for learners having problem, so alternative programs are needed to match the characteristics of learners.

Since classrooms are complex communities of learners, an observer cannot understand what is going on in a classroom without interacting in the community and discussing the structures with the teacher (outside of classroom teaching time). Students are learning more that just information; they are developing habits and procedures that should improve their abilities to learn in other settings. They are developing moral and ethical frameworks and attitudes towards the school and learning in institutional settings. Understanding what a good teacher does takes time and conferencing with the teacher or teachers about the challenges and structures of the classroom.

All classrooms are structured. Period. The observer may not like the structure and may not understand it, but it takes time to see how things work in an individual classroom. IT’S WRONG TO CALL ANY CLASSROOM UNSTRUCTURED. If there are children and a teacher present, there is structure (although the empty set is a structure also). Teachers and administrators use “unstructured” to refer to a classroom structure that they don’t understand or just don’t like. Observers need to get beyond this, and discuss and describe the structures in place. For instance, many whole language (and some other) classrooms use workshops (reading workshop and writing workshop). These workshops are very carefully structured, crafted around the teacher’s idea of building students’ reading and writing procedures, and the students learn the structure and engage in the processes, colluding with the teacher in making the classroom function. Both children and teacher are parts of this complex social structure where language (oral and written) is used for communication and learning. The naïve observer (often an administrator, certified without competencies in curriculum) who only spends a few moments in the classroom without interacting with the children about their tasks will not understand how the classroom is structured or see how the activities are tied to grade-level standards. Good teachers must communicate to naïve observers about the importance of classroom structures and not let administrators or legislators bully teachers into adopting less productive structures.

How to organize various activities with groups in a classroom is an art form. With twenty children in a class, just the number of mathematically possible groups is staggering -- more than 2,432,902,008,176,649,000 (if you include order of assignment to the group with tasks within the group), and if the teacher is included or not in the group, the number doubles. A classroom of 25 had something like 1.6 x 1025 . Need I go on? The big idea is for every teacher to have envisioned the structure of his/her classroom as an environment and as a set of dynamic processes that flow over short time periods like seconds, minutes, or hours, and that evolve over longer time periods like days, weeks, or months. These structures should meet the needs of the teacher and the students for engagement, learning, productivity, performance, assessment, success, emotional well-being, and aesthetics. The teacher envisions cycles and products within the curriculum that keep all children learning with new content and review of important processes, differentiating for the needs of the various learners in the classroom. Teachers of literacy use various materials: text books (hard copy and electronic), children’s literature or adolescent literature (books that are age-appropriate or age-appropriate multimedia – yes, video can be literature!), enrichment reading materials (teacher selected material to build background, experiences, language, and vocabulary through a wide range of texts on various topics), self-selected readings (the child selects, but of course with guidance from teacher and parents), and children’s writing. 

Teachers need a repertoire of strategies and organization schemes to perform their practice in the classroom and to motivate learners to collude with them. This takes conscious knowledge of a complex performance repertoire, caring, cooperation, collusion with the learners, community, an ability to change, and above all commitment.  Rather than using one or two teachers as a model, every teacher has to develop a style. What will your teaching style be? What are its key ideas?

Further reading:
Bruner, Jerome. (1996). The Culture of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, Jerome. (1990). Acts of Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, Jerome. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, Jerome. (1961). The act of discovery. Harvard Educational Review, 31, 21-32.
Bruner, Jerome. (1966). Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gardner, H. (1991). Intelligence in seven steps. Available: http://www.newhorizons.org/crfut_gardner.html.
Gardner, Howard. (1993). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice. Basic Books: New York.
Gardner, Howard. (1993). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Basic Books: New York.
Gardner, Howard. (1991). The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach. Basic Books: New York.
Glasersfeld, Ernst V. (1996). Radical Constructivism: A Way of Knowing and Learning. Falmer Press: London.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.). New York, NY: Plenum.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language (A. Kozulin, Trans., Ed.). Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.
Vygotsky, Lev. (1987). The Collected Works. Problems of General Psychology. vol 1. New York: Plenum Press.


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